References

General Reviews

Centre for infectious disease research and policy (CIDRAP) University of Minnesota. Anthrax: Current, comprehensive information on pathogenesis, microbiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prophylaxis. (Last updated July 28, 2010 - accessed 21 December 2010). http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap/content/bt/anthrax/biofacts/anthraxfactsheet.html ).

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Spencer RC. Bacillus anthracis. J Clin Pathol 2003; 56: 182-187.

Shafazand S, Doyle R, Ruoss S, Weinacker A, Raffin TA. Inhalational anthrax: epidemiology, diagnosis and management. Chest 1999; 116:1369-76.

Turnbull PC. Definitive identification of Bacillus anthracis – a review. J Appl Microbiol 1999; 87:237-40.

WHO. Anthrax in humans and animals (fourth edition). P. Turnbull, Executive Editor. 2008 http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/AnthraxGuidelines2008/en/index.html

Athamna A, Athamna M, Nura A, Shyakov E, Bast DJ, Farrell D, Rubenstein E. Is in vitro antibiotic combination more effective than single-drug therapy against anthrax? Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49(4):1323-5.

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Bell DM, Kozarsky PE, Stephens DS. Clinical Issues in the Prophylaxis, Diagnosis and Treatment of Anthrax. Emerg Infect Dis 2002; 8(2):222-5.

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Bossi P, Tegnell A, Baka A, Van Loock F, Hendriks J, Werner A, Maidhof H, Gouvras G. BICHAT guidelines for the clinical management of anthrax and bioterrorism–related anthrax. Eurosurveillance 2004; 9(12). http://www.eurosurveillance.org

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Inglesby TV, O’Toole T, Henderson DA, Bartlett JG, Ascher MS, Eitzen E et al. Anthrax as a biological weapon, 2002: updated recommendations for management. Working Group on Civilian Biodefense. JAMA 2002; 287:2236-2252.

Jernigan JA, Stephens DS, Ashford DA, et al. Bioterrorism related inhalational anthrax: the first 10 cases reported in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2001; 7(6):933-44.

Kuehnert MJ, Doyle TJ, Hill HA et al. Clinical features that discriminate inhalational anthrax from other acute respiratory illnesses. CID 2003; 36: 328-336.

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Ramsay CN, Stirling A, Smith J et al. An outbreak of infection with Bacillus anthracis in injecting drug users in Scotland. Eurosurveillance 2010; 15(2): pii=19465. http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=19465

Sejvar JJ, Tenover FC, Stephens DS. Management of anthrax meningitis. Lancet Infect Dis 2005; 5:287-95.

Vietri NJ, Purcell BK, Lawler JV, Leffel EK, Rico P, Gamble CS, Twehafel NA, Ivins BE, Heine HS, Sheeler R, Wright ME, Friedlander AM. Short-course postexposure antibiotic prophylaxis combined with vaccination protects against experimental inhalational anthrax. PNAS 2006; 103:7813-16.

Wilkening DA. Sverdlovsk revisited: Modeling human inhalation anthrax. PNAS 2006; 103:7589-94.