Bartonella bacilliformis and Carrion's disease

Carrion's disease is a rare infection found only in certain regions of South America; primarily in the Andes mountains of Peru, Ecuador and Columbia. It is caused by the bacterium Bartonella bacilliformis and is transmitted from human to human via the bite of an infected sand fly ( Lutzomyia verrucarum).

Many individuals who become infected do not show any sign of illness. However, some may develop Carrion's disease which typically manifests as two distinct clinical phases: an acute phase known as "Oroya fever', characterised by a sudden onset of fever and severe anaemia; and a chronic illness 'verruga peruana' during which red-purple lesions appear on the skin. Oroya fever may be associated with a high fatality rate (40%) while verruga peruana is a benign condition. In the acute phase of illness, the bacteria are found inside red blood cells.

Both forms of the disease can be treated by antibiotics. There is no prophylactic or vaccine available and preventive measures involve protection against exposure to sand flies.

Last reviewed: 31 July 2009